Maternal Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Maternal Obesity - Essay Example Maternal obesity is a significant concern for the society since it poses a lot of health threats not only for the mother, but also for the conceived child. Indeed, Galtier-Dereure, Boegner, & Bringer (2000) found that children born to obese mothers were 35% more likely to be admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit due to complications of care. The obese mother is also at an increased risk for hypertension and diabetes. In addition to these, the CDC (2010) also noted severe health consequences to the mother (i.e. preeclampsia, caesarean delivery, etc.) and the newborn (i.e. macrosomia, neural tube defects, etc.). Given these dangers of maternal obesity, there is then a need to increase the awareness of mothers regarding the hazards posed by it, and what can be done as means of prevention and treatment. By utilizing the Health Belief Model (HBM), obese mothers can be motivated to change their diets and lifestyle to decrease the harmful effects of obesity. By using this model, the healthcare provider will provide health education and information dissemination to obese mothers, and they will then monitor the impact of these interventions. The rest of this paper will then explore the means of evaluating the success of such interventions. Essential Elements of Evaluation Process/Model One component of the intended intervention for maternal obesity involves assessment: the identification of the mothers in need of treatment obesity. With this intervention, a significant element of the evaluation process is assessment itself, as well as the establishment of an actual need for the interventions within the community. This element (assessment) is justified by the fact that without assessment, the nurse would never know who needs help, and the patients themselves may never become aware of the need to watch their weight before, during and after pregnancy (Kozier, et al. 2008). In addition, assessment would allow the nurse to develop programs that can cater to the indivi dual needs of the different members of the community. More importantly, assessment of the need for treatment will provide for opportunities for establishing patient goals and reasonable expectations (Foster, Wadden, Vogt, & Brewer, 1997). Another major component of the intervention for maternal obesity involves information dissemination of nutritional information, of the health risks of maternal obesity, and of the benefits gained from maintaining a healthy weight and diet. Therefore, in relation, an essential element of the evaluation process involves the degree by which the given information is understood and impacts the intended population of obese mothers. This element is essential for the whole intervention because in knowing the degree of impact of the disseminated information through evaluation, the nurse is assured of the mother’s compliance. Indeed, according to the HBM, if the mother understands the risks of the unhealthy behavior or condition, then change in health behavior can be better facilitated (National Cancer Institute, 2005). Additionally, another part of the intended interventions is the submission of a proposal to authorities and organizations for appropriate funding and possible policy changes. Thus, in relation to this, another element of evaluation is collaboration. Indeed,

Sub-Saharan Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sub-Saharan Africa - Essay Example The owners see wanting poverty level of the involved families as an easy way to even exploit them by giving meager earnings, which does not even commensurate with what they do. Hence, prompt them even using children in harvesting period who act as cheap labor for they given them much less compared to their adult counterparts (Freely Give Truth, 2013). Hence, prompting child labor statics augment instead of declining in these states. Many firms known to buy cocoa pressurize farmers into augmenting productivity without even minding their conditions for the crop’s demand globally is significantly high. The fact that they involve intermediaries who buy significant cocoa’s production from the farmers, make them have a huge influence on the farmers (Freely Give Truth, 2013). This way they create a monopoly and therefore they pay farmers as low as low as they want due to the great influence they have. This has prompted farmers yield to procuring children’s services for they are aware they will pay them meager wages, which translates to augmenting of child servitude statistics. There is no enough regulation to curb child labor since a child assisting in the farm is not legally wrong only if the child is involved in heavy work load. The government also has devised extremely low minimum pay, hence prompting the impoverished families to continuously wallow in poverty to the extent majority of them do not have any plan for future investments. Because many work to ensure they are capable of affording only day’s upkeep, which ought to be the case especially what they are producing fetches much global market. The CÃ ´te dIvoire regime together with cocoa buyers can effectively influence declining of this menace. In this case, the regime through devising adequate and effective policies barring farmers from employing children would be a good platform meant to start

Government and Politics - We Need Election Reform in America Essay

"Knowledge will forever govern ignorance, and a people who mean to be their own governors, must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives. A popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy or perhaps both." -- James Madison ("Focus" 1) The United States has strived to be a true democracy, a place in which the citizens are free to govern themselves, since its inception. For a democracy to work, the citizens must remain knowledgeable and elections must remain unbiased. Our current system of electing presidents fails in both of these regards: citizens are only given two choices that stand any chance of winning and their decisions between those two candidates are influenced not by knowledge, but instead by what they have seen on thirty second television commercials. In order to break up the complete political monopoly the Democrat and Republican Parties have on the United States, we as Americans need to reform our presidential elections so that third party and independent candidates have a legitimate chance of holding offices and so that citizens are able to vote on the candidates based on their political beliefs rather than on their ability to fundraise and advertise. Similar reforms should be made to the elections fo r other offices as well at the federal, state and local levels. The ideas and arguments presented in this paper can be applied to American elections in general although, because of the small scope of this paper, they only speak of the presidential elections. A candidate cannot legitimately compete in modern American elections without being able to finance a huge television advertising campaign. Commercials have become an integral part of our... ...Democrats and Republicans hold in this country would allow candidates with fresh ideas and new ways of dealing with old problems to take office. Through these new representatives, our government will become healthier and better able to adapt to today's changing political environment. Sources Cited Basham, Patrick. "The Illiberal Reality of European-Style Campaign Reform." http://www.cato.org/dailys/03-13-02.html. Donnis, Ian. "In Whose Interest?" http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/other_stories/multi-page/documents/02552297.htm. Targonski, Rosalie. http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/archive/elect00/primer.htm. "Focus - Freedom of Press and Information." http://usembassy.state.gov/islamabad/wwwhircalert0702.html Associated Press. http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/e1598.htm. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/results/.

An Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health in Relation Essay

An Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health in Relation to the Australian Indigenous population â€Å"The demonstration of a social gradient of health predicts that reducing inequality itself has health benefits for all, not simply for the impoverished or deprived minorities within populations. † (Devitt, Hall & Tsey 2001) The above quote from Devitt, Hall and Tsey’s paper is a relatively well grounded and well researched statement which draws on contemporary theoretical sociological concepts to support the assertion that reducing inequality is the key to improving health for all. However the assertion that the demonstration of a social gradient of health predicts that a reduction in inequality will lead to health benefits for all is a rather broad statement and requires closer examination. The intention of this essay is to examine the social gradient of health, whose existence has been well established by the Whitehall Studies (Marmot 1991), and, by focusing on those groups at the lower end of the social gradient, determine whether initiatives to address inequalities between social classes will lead to health benefits for those classes at the lower end of the social scale. The effectiveness of past initiatives to address these social and health inequalities will be examined and recommendations made as to how these initiatives might be more effective. The social gradient described by Marmot and others is interrelated with a variety of environmental, sociopolitical and socioeconomic factors which have been identified as key determinants of health. These determinants interact with each other at a very complex level to impact directly and indirectly on the health status of individuals and groups at all levels of society; â€Å"Poor social and economic circumstances affect health throughout life. People further down the social ladder usually run at least twice the risk of serious illness and premature death of those near the top. Between the top and bottom health standards show a continual social gradient. † (Wilkinson & Marmot 1998) In Australian society it is readily apparent that the lower social classes are at greater disadvantage than those in the upper echelons of society; this has been discussed at length in several separate papers on the social gradient of health and its effects on disadvantaged Australian groups (Devitt, Hall & Tsey 2001, Robinson 2002, Caldwell & Caldwell 1995). Within the context of the social gradient of health it can be inferred that Indigenous groups, for example, are particularly susceptible to ill health and poor health outcomes as they suffer inordinately from the negative effects of the key determinants of health. A simple example of this is the inequality in distribution of economic resources: â€Å"Average Indigenous household income is 38% less than that of non-Indigenous households. † (AHREOC 2004). The stress and anxiety caused by insufficient economic resources leads to increased risk of depression, hypertension and heart disease (Brunner 1997 cited in Henry 2001). Higher social status and greater access to economic resources is concomitant with a reduction in stress and anxiety levels, as individuals in these groups have more control over economic pressures which create this stress. This simple comparison proves that the social gradient of health accurately reflects how socioeconomic determinants affect the health of specific social classes at the physiological level. An extension of the research into the social gradient and the determinants of health is the examination of the pathways through which specific social groups experience and respond to these determinants. These ‘psychosocial pathways’ incorporate psychological, behavioural and environmental constraints and are closely linked to the determinants of health; â€Å"Many of the socio-economic determinants of health have their effects through psychosocial pathways. † (Wilkinson 2001 cited in Robinson 2002). These pathways have been demonstrated by Henry (2001) in the conceptual model of resource influences (Appendix A), a model which illustrates the interaction between the constraints mentioned above and their impact on health outcomes. Henry states that a central differentiator between classes is the amount of control an individual feels they have over their environment. Whereas an individual from a lower class group holds a limited sense of control over their well being and consequently adopts a fatalistic approach to health, those in higher classes with a stronger sense of control over their health are more likely to take proactive steps in ensuring their future wellbeing. This means that both individuals will cope differently with the same health problem. This is partly as a result of socioeconomic or environmental determinants relative to their situation, but it is also a result of behavioural/physical constraints and, most importantly, the modes of thought employed in rationalising their situation and actions. In essence these psychosocial pathways occupy an intermediate role between the social determinants of health and class related health behaviours.

The Big Five Personality Test - 1161 Words

Personality Project I have taken the big five personality test before in my high school psychology class, so I was not surprised by any of my results. But I don’t mind taking it again because people change a lot over two years, especially adolescents. I have also taken other personality tests on my free time because I think it is fun finding out more about myself. I have taken similar tests such as the sixteen personalities test and political spectrum tests, but I believe the big five test is the most accurate way to measure personality. My highest percentile traint is for openness at 95%. I would agree with the results because the adjectives the survey uses to describe open personalities, also describe well. For example it says that†¦show more content†¦Next is my extraversion score is also 70%. I guess this one makes sense because I like to talk to and get to know my coworkers as much as I can when their is nothing else for us to do. Besides my family members, I don ’t really meet up or spend much time outside of work or school with people. I genuinely enjoy work outings and family reunions but outside of that I go home and keep to myself when I am not busy. I lean towards being extraverted because I like meeting new people and don’t mind being the center of attention. I think these habits have something to do with being an only child with divorced parents. For example a few years ago when I traveled abroad in Germany and stayed with my host family of two parents and four children, but there were minor misunderstandings. One day I came home after school, went into my room and played on my phone for a couple of hours until diner. The next day the host mother said they thought I was upset about something the day before and was intentionally isolating myself. I apologised, then explained that is what I do most days back home when I would get home from school and my mom or dad was at work. The benefit of being extraverted is I get to know and generally get along with my coworkers and don’t mind public speaking. The down side is being found annoying or too talkative. My agreeableness score is 67.5%. It is a higher score than average, but I would just attribute it to being Minnesota nice. I don’t like to be rude toShow MoreRelatedThe Big Five Personality Test Essay916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Big Five personality test was created in the 1970 s by two independent research teams. One team with Paul Costa and Robert McCrae, and the other with Warren and Lewis Goldberg. The two teams had different methods that they tested but in the end they both ended up with the same results. The results were that no matter what culture, race, or language people have their personality fits into five dimensions of personality. The five dimensions were created after reviewing lots of surveys and dataRead MoreBig Five Personality Test Analysis2242 Words   |  9 PagesTHE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TEST INTRODUCTION:- Personality tests are used to determine your type of personality, your values, interests and your skills. Mostly people conduct personality tests to determine their aptitude towards a certain type of career. A personality test aims to describe aspects of a persons character that remain stable throughout that persons lifetime, the individuals character pattern of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Similarly The BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TESTRead MorePersonal Statement : The Big Five Personality Test Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesfound myself being really surprised at the different skills I have, whether it is teamwork skills, or just basic verbal skills. The first assessment, the Big Five personality test, really helped me understand the strengths in my personality. I was able to find an online assessment test that actually gave me more in-depth explanation for my test results, which was very helpful to better understand what I scored. My begining results taught me a lot about myself, starting with the openness to experienceRead MorePersonal Statement : The Big Five Personality Test Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagesfound myself being really surprised at the different skills I have, whether it is teamwork skills, or just basic verbal skills. The first assessment, the Big Five personality test, really helped me understand the strengths in my personality. I was able to find an online assessment test that actually gave me a more in-depth explanation of my test results, which was very helpful to better understand what I scored. My beginning results taught me a lot about myself, starting with the openness to experienceRead MoreThe Keirsey Temperament Sorter And The Big Five Personality Test1200 Words   |  5 Pages Personality is defined as the unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life (Ciccarelli, 2014). Numerous individuals are curious in regards to their actions and how their mind works, thus leading companies to create personality tests, in order to provide individuals with some perspective on their personality. While individuals can take personality tests for leisure, personality tests are often utilized in situations such as job interviews, diagnosing mental disordersRead MoreThe Big Five : Personality Test Based Off The Ffm1025 Words   |  5 Pages The Big Five is a personality test based off the FFM (five factor model) which looks at the five core traits people have. The test looks at openness to new experiences, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism and their opposites. It scales the individual to see what trait they are more likely to have based of how they act on a regular basis. Individuals who are open to new experiences typically have vivid imaginations, rich vocabularies, and are full of ideasRead MorePersonality Assessments : Personality Assessment1205 Words   |  5 Pages Personality Assessment Review Miranda Basham Clarion University of Pennsylvania â€Æ' Personality Assessments A personality assessment is the measurement of personal characteristics (personality assessment | psychology). Personality tests provide measures of characteristics like, feelings and emotional states, preoccupations, temperament, interests, motivations, attitudes, and approaches to interpersonal relations. A personality is a complex pattern of characteristics that are relativelyRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of A Team1198 Words   |  5 PagesTeam Personality Traits Personalities can vary in groups of people from different areas of the country. University of Phoenix Learning Team B reflects similar personalities in which may not be a common aspect in most team environments. The Learn team B truthfully assessed the Big Five Personality test to understand strengths and weaknesses within the team. However, each member has displayed a high regard for team goals and participation. According to each team member the results of the test wouldRead MoreTeam Personality Traits1361 Words   |  6 PagesPSY/250 September 23, 2013 Team Personality Traits Team C’s personalities are mainly made up of who we are as individuals, and the way we are perceived by everyone else. Personality traits are specialized characteristics that an individual has, which together form a personality (The Lists, 2013). They can be both positive and negative, although judgment of that can be a matter of opinion. Personality traits are things used to describe an individuals behavior as well as a means of measurementRead MoreThe Contribution Allport s Influence On The Academic World Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesThe next scholar to contribute was Allport. Allport stated that it is very unlikely that people just possessed one personality characteristic (Fleming, 2006). He claimed that personality exists in a â€Å"psychological matrix† meaning within a person, that people possessed traits which can be categorized into levels, which in turn allows there to be comparison among different individuals (Liebert, R. M. Spiegler, M. D., 1970, 117). Al lport also recognized that it is important to understand individuals

Jaclyn Larsen. Mr. Gregory. Period 2. February 12, 2017.

Jaclyn Larsen Mr. Gregory Period 2 February 12, 2017 The Gateway Theory: On Marijuana Within the last few years there has been a nation wide drive towards the legalization of marijuana. This year, it has finally been taken off the list of gateway drugs. A number of states have seen the legalization of marijuana as a gateway to medical benefits. Whereas other states are still skeptical of some of the unknown factors of marijuana. So how was the decision made that marijuana is not a gateway drug? It simply came to the end fact that it is up to the user whether they will experiment with other drugs or stick to just marijuana. In recent discussion, Robert L. DuPont, president of the Institute for Behavior and Health and the first director of†¦show more content†¦He is mistaken for he fails to see that a majority of those people who start with smoking weed then move on to other drugs more than likely have some other problems that provoke them to try these substances. On a more reasonable side to the argument, Deborah Peterson Small shines light on the factors that DuPont missed. The former director of public policy for the Drug Policy Alliance observes that, â€Å"...the real gateways to addiction are poverty, trauma, mental health problems and the effects of criminalization and stigma.† (Deborah Peterson Small, Look at the Real Gateways to Drug Addiction.) Basically, Small looks at the real problems that can be prove to lead a more general group of people to experiment with drugs. Not just a high school kid who s feeling a little rebellious and wants to see what the high life is all about . It is important to keep in mind that marijuana may enhance the brain’s reaction to other drugs, but it cannot make the brain want to try more drugs. The gateway to try other drugs is left open, it is a personal choice that can be made by anyone without the influence of marijuana. Whether it be a mental illness or difficult life situation, marijuana is not a gateway drug, so it was a well thought out decision to have it removed from the list of gateway drugs. Another important detail to remember is that marijuana is not proven to lead to the consumption of other drugs. â€Å"...the vast majority of people who use

The Federalist Papers - 1250 Words

Introduction The Federalist Papers present a series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. This volume of eighty-five essays, written between October 1787 and May 1788, is perhaps the most famous, and at the same time the most important newspaper column ever published. These essays are considered to be among the most important documents of the Founding period, together with the Constitution and Civil Rights Act. In these essays the authors provided facts and justification for the Constitution, with also raising and discussing some of the most important political issues of the time. The sole purpose for writing the essays was to convince people of the State of New York to ratify the U.S. Constitution. People of New York and its political leaders were strongly against the Constitution and they firmly opposed new government. The main reason for that is the fact that the State of New York gain independence under the Articles of Confederation and was becoming rich troug h the trade. The citizens of this state believed that they have no interest in ratifying the Constitution and joining the Union. The writers of The Federalist Papers were very concerned that because of New York’s reluctance and decided to take the matter into their hands and came all the efforts in order to change their minds. They were very well aware of the relationship between human nature and popular government. Hamilton, Madison and Jay were apprehensive of the ethics of theShow MoreRelatedFederalist Papers : The Federalist Paper1617 Words   |  7 PagesDaniel Gasca Mr. Brooks AP Government Period 1 10/27/15 The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers Ten and Fifty-One were the ideal papers written by Madison to support th ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬e ratification of the Constitution. Out of all the federalist papers, these are two of the most important federalist papers. So what were the federalist papers? They were 85 essays written by three gentlemen: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay that explained particular provisions of the Constitution in detailRead MoreThe Federalist Papers By John Jay995 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federalist Papers â€Å"This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a ban of brethren, united to each other by the strongest of ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties.† (Jay 1787) This was written by John Jay in one of a collection of 85 essays written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton known as The FederalistRead MoreThe Federalist Papers By John Jay2011 Words   |  9 PagesThe Federalist Papers, written in New York by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, during the years of 1787 and 1788, were a collection of eighty-five essays that were written to augment and garner support and to defend those concepts set forth in The Constitution of the United States of America (hereafter â€Å"The Constitution†), which had not yet been ratified. The Federalist Papers not only championed The Constit ution, but they also explained how the new government would operate in theRead MoreThe Federalist Paper By James Madison1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe Federalist Papers were 85 essays that were published in 1787 and 1788. They were anonymous and always signed by â€Å"Publius.† Publius was actually 3 men, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. They wrote the papers to convince the people of New York to vote to ratify the Constitution. These essays were published in newspapers throughout the state of New York. Federalist 10 was written by James Madison and was titled The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and InsurrectionRead MoreThe Federalist Papers By Alexander Hamilton2239 Words   |  9 PagesThe Federalist papers are essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay with the main purpose to show the pros of officially confirming the constitution. The essays show an overall pessimistic view to mankind, emphasizing the r eliance men need on government, and the importance of having the best fit government. They give a great base for understanding the intentions of the constitution that we, as a nation, still attempt to follow today. Although these papers were written in 1787Read MoreFederalist Papers #10 Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesUnited we stand, divided we fall The Federalist Papers Number 10 is written by James Madison and explains the necessity of the Constitution to protect our country from factions. A faction is â€Å"a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent aggregate interests of the community (Publius, 72).† Publius states that there are two waysRead More Alexander Hamilton’s First Federalist Paper1075 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander Hamilton’s First Federalist Paper Alexander Hamilton’s first Federalist Paper endorses ratification of the proposed constitution. His unifying point is that the use of reason—in the form of the people’s reflection and choice—will lead to the truth, whereas their use of passion will lead to ruin. Hamilton attempts to persuade his readers to make the correct decision by reminding them of the sheer importance of the matter. He suggests that good men will want to make the correct choiceRead MoreThe Federalist Papers By Alexander Hamilton778 Words   |  4 PagesHamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, the Federalist Papers are a collection of essays that were created in order to defend the Constitution against claims that stated it threatened the freedom and liberty of individuals, and gave too much power to the national government. The 78th essay of the Federalist Papers was written by Alexander Hamilton in efforts to address one of these concerns, that anti-federalists feared the independenc e of the Judiciary. In this paper, Hamilton recognized and acknowledgedRead MoreThe Federalist Papers By Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, And John Jay1176 Words   |  5 PagesBut the Federalists would not easily forfeit. They argued that the Constitution didn’t require a Bill of Rights. The Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, summed up the thoughts of many Federalists. In Federalist Paper No. 84 Publius, a pseudonym under which they wrote, addressed Antifederalist worries, â€Å"Bills of rights†¦ are not only unnecessary in the proposed Constitution, but would even be dangerous.† Publius argued that because the Constitution was â€Å"foundedRead MoreWhy Did The Federalist Papers Influence The Ratification Of The Constitution?2354 Words   |  10 PagesSection A: Identification and Evaluation of Sources This investigation will explore the question: To what extent did The Federalist Papers influence the ratification of the Constitution? The publications, arguments, and effects of this document will be the focus of the investigation to allow for an analysis of where and in what ways The Federalist was influential during the constitutional conventions from 1787 to 1789. The first source that will be evaluated in depth is Ron Chernow’s book â€Å"Alexander